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On a visit at short notice to Germany, Russian President Vladimir Putin has met with German Chancellor Angela Merkel to discuss a range of bilateral and international issues, including the conflicts in Syria and Ukraine, and the future of the controversial gas pipeline project Nord Stream 2. The pair met for the second time within just three months to talk about the project.

鈥淯kraine has to play a role also with Nord Stream 2 in place,鈥� Merkel said ahead of their talks at the German government鈥檚 guest house in Meseberg near Berlin, reiterating a demand already made in April. Although the German chancellor sought to dampen expectations before Putin鈥檚 visit, saying 鈥渘o concrete outcome鈥� was in sight, she stressed that 鈥渃ontroversial issues can only be solved through dialogue.鈥�

Nord Stream 2, which will run parallel to another natural gas pipeline from Russia to Germany that has started operation in 2011, has caused much dispute within Europe and also drew sharp criticism from the US government. The government of financially stricken , currently amounting to about 3 billion dollars annually, could be lost after the new pipeline has opened. It also criticised that Germany is set to intensify economic ties with Russia, which stands accused of having annexed Ukraine鈥檚 Crimea peninsula in the Black Sea and of keeping the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine running. [Find out more on Nord Stream 2 in this 麻豆无码版 factsheet]

On his first bilateral working trip to Germany since 2013, the Russian president addressed Merkel鈥檚 wish to find a solution for the pipeline, saying 鈥淚 know the position of the chancellor very well. But I want to emphasise that this transit through the Ukrainw, a traditional transit route, must meet economic requirements.鈥�

Putin said that the pipeline does not exclude the possibility of continued gas transit through the Ukraine and that it is a 鈥減urely economic project,鈥� a formulation used by Merkel in the past. In April 2018, however, she and said the pipeline 鈥渋s not just an economic project, but, of course, political factors must also be taken into account.鈥�

In Meseberg, Putin especially emphasised that Russia had always been and would continue to be a reliable partner in energy trade. 鈥淟ast year, we were able to celebrate 50 years of natural gas deliveries from Russia to Europe,鈥� Putin said, adding that 鈥渋n all those years, Russia provided a stable energy supply.鈥� Putin said Nord Stream 2 would 鈥渃omplete鈥� the European gas supply infrastructure, as the pipeline was not only meant for German buyers but also to its EU neighbours. The project will minimise transit risks and ensure that Europe鈥檚 growing gas demand will be satisfied, he added.

Apart from Ukraine, other eastern and northern European countries, especially Poland and Denmark, are opposed to the new pipeline. To avoid construction in its territorial waters, Denmark鈥檚 parliament created a new legal basis that allows the government to deny licenses for pipeline construction on its maritime territory on grounds of security concerns, rather than only due environmental considerations. Poland is wary that the project will increase Europe鈥檚 energy dependence on Russia and fears that it will lose political influence on energy questions if its territory is no longer needed for Western Europe鈥檚 gas supply.

Pipeline 鈥渨ith high political cost鈥� to fill looming gas supply gap in Europe

鈥淣ord Stream 2 has a very high political cost attached to it,鈥� Kirsten Westphal, expert on international energy policy at the German Institute for International and Security Policy (SWP), told the 麻豆无码版. Westphal stressed that while the pipeline will physically connect Russia with Germany, it is a joint project by companies from several European countries. Apart from Russia鈥檚 Gazprom and German companies Uniper and Wintershall, British-Dutch company Royal Dutch Shell, French energy provider Engie and OMV from Austria all are invested in Nord Stream 2.

鈥淭he assessment by all European companies involved in Nord Stream 2 is that Europe is headed for a natural gas supply gap and the German government shares this opinion,鈥� the energy policy researcher said. Following a series of minor earthquakes that resulted from natural gas extraction, gas production in the Netherlands will be drastically reduced in the coming years, dealing a blow to Western Europe鈥檚 domestic gas supply.

Production at Europe鈥檚 biggest gas field near Groningen will be halved by 2022 and cease entirely by 2030, Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte . 鈥淭his has made the need for alternative import sources much more urgent, even though demand is more or less stable,鈥� Westphal said. This could either be done with shipped liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the Middle East and the US - or with gas coming through pipelines from Russia, at a significantly cheaper price.

However, Westphal said the project comes at a geopolitically difficult time and is likely to cause Germany difficulties in garnering support among fellow EU members for other political endeavours. 鈥淚t doesn鈥檛 let Germany appear as a supporter of the 麻豆无码版 Union, which creates a real dilemma for the integrated energy and climate policy in Europe,鈥� Westphal says. Creating an integrated European power market is a key aim for the German government in this regard, but given its unperturbed approach to Nord Stream 2, 鈥渢he integrated power market will likely meet more resistance from Eastern European countries,鈥� she said.

Besides Germany鈥檚 European neighbours, the US government has repeatedly lashed out against the German-Russian energy link in the Baltic Sea. In early July, President Donald Trump said on Twitter that Germany is 鈥�totally controlled鈥� by Russia due to its reliance on Russia鈥檚 gas resources, which in 2015 accounted for roughly a third of its total gas imports. The US has made clear that it rather supply its own gas to Europe through LNG shipping terminals than watching Russia expanding its share in the EU.

In 2017, then German foreign minister Sigmar Gabriel sharply criticized a threat of sanctions from the White House on companies that take part in the pipeline project. So far, president Trump has not enacted any sanctions. The German Committee on Eastern European Economic Relations said the threats from across the Atlantic amounted to a 鈥溾�� and called on the government to defy orders from the US. But the business lobby is wary that companies could withdraw from the project, as it happened in Iran after Trump announced the US will withdraw from the nuclear deal and imposed sanctions on firms active there, which could mean the end of Nord Stream 2, should the US follow through with its threat.

Also within Germany, critics of the project abound. In an unusual alliance, politicians from the Green Party and from Merkel鈥檚 conservative CDU in early 2018 jointly criticised the pipeline, saying it would 鈥渃ontradict solidarity with our neighbours and a common European energy policy鈥�. They warned that Nord Stream 2 has the potential to split the EU, calling on the junior government coalition partner SPD to reconsider its support. However, SPD politician Matthias Platzeck, head of the bilateral association German-Russian Forum, reiterated its support shortly before Putin鈥檚 visit. 鈥淭here鈥檚 no doubt that building this pipeline is in Germany鈥檚 and Europe鈥檚 interest,鈥� Platzeck told news agency Dow Jones.

Nord Stream 2 will bring down gas prices in Europe 鈥� energy expert

Harald Hecking, managing director of energy research and consultancy organisation ewi 麻豆无码版 Research & Scenarios, said聽 鈥淣ord Stream 2 makes a lot of sense for Germany and the EU from an energy-economical point of view. Coal use will significantly decrease due to climate targets, and nuclear energy will not grow in the EU,鈥� he told the 麻豆无码版. Given that the share of coal and nuclear energy is going to decrease substantially in the coming years, the pipeline could help and intensify competition especially with LNG, says Hecking. 鈥淟NG is decisive for setting the European price,鈥� he said, adding that more gas from Russia through Nord Stream 2 would bring a significant price reduction.

Also, a modern pipeline would help reduce methane leakage that occurs due to old infrastructure in Ukraine 鈥� and allow to set up an infrastructure for carbon-neutral gas supply in the future, Hecking argued. Natural gas will be needed for a cost-efficient and supply secure energy transition in similar volumes to today鈥檚 at least until 2040, 鈥渆specially to replace the use of more CO鈧�-intensive fuels coal and oil,鈥� he said. But 鈥渨e cannot burn fossil gas in 2050, should we want to reach the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 95 percent. For Nord Stream 2, this means that it must increasingly supply climate-neutral gas from 2040 onwards.鈥�

In spite of the ongoing criticism, the pipeline鈥檚 construction has started and continues unabated. The consortium has applied for a new license for a different route after the Danish government rejected the initial plan. The new route that will possibly run along the north-western coast of the Swedish island Bornholm would be about 40 kilometres longer than the initial route, but given the pipeline鈥檚 total length of 1,200 kilometres, the detour would not alter the total length substantially.